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This study finds also that, when control was maintained by the smaller biotechnology enterprise the achievement of the alliance was better, as measured by the probability, which finally recognition advances its drug for the following stage of the examination or would be. On the other hand was achievement "substantially more badly", than controlling of the large Korporation (P. 28) was assigned. This expenditure is importantly, because only if research keeps the nature, control that is efficient to be handled project, probably. However if it does not have sufficient financial operational funds, and increased possession on a pharmaceutical company to bring, prospects for the larger project are must reduced.5 IV. Scale and range of the pharmaceutical research these expenditures of the scale and the range regarding pharmaceutical R&D were studied to a large extent. First concerns the relative productivity of the different sorted research efforts and whether R&D are more effective dollar, if her together in the spacious enterprises or if they are divided, under a larger number of smaller enterprises are accumulated. The critical expenditure is here the value of the expert people and the equipment. The expenditure of the national economy of the range in second place, which refers to the advantages of the specialization or the diversification within research the service, whether there are advantages within a given scale of the research activities of concentrating on a limited number of the research of problems or alternately, is, into the effort broadly spreads. Before forty years I published a paper, which investigated directly the scale effects pharmaceutical R&D (Comanor 1965). In this paper for the years between 1955 and 1960 I used, found data cost degression for R&D accomplished in the smaller pharmaceutical enterprises however in the kostenprogression for the research, which was taken up within the largest companies. These discoveries were discussed by Vernon and by Gusen (1974), which instead of during the period 1965-1970 report that larger enterprises at the innovation than smaller enterprises (P. 294) were better. In order to be safe, since those authors confirm, the last period of the introduction of the changes of drug 1962 the demonstrations of effectiveness as well as security for the introduction of a new drug followed required, during my earlier study the new law preceded. Possible 64 William S. Comanor explanation therefore for the reported differences was the new conditions, on which pharmaceutical research was then carried out.6 |